Outline

Introduction
History of bread
Breadmaking
Benefits of rye bread
Conclusion


List of references
Article about rye bread. Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye_bread
Article about rye bread. Available at http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leib
Article about rye bread benefits. Available at
http://healthmad.com/nutrition/the-tasty-health-benefits-of-rye-bread/
Estonian association of bakeries. Available at
http://www.leivaliit.ee/leib.php?id=8

All last accessed in march 2011.

Interesting man talking in my essay topic.
http://www.ted.com/talks/mark_bittman_on_what_s_wrong_with_what_we_eat.html

List of references

"What does it take to become a vegetarian?"

I will find out why some people are vegetarian, what happens if we kill animals, and would we be all vegetarians if we had to do all the killings by ourselves making our hands bloody.

References:

Earthlings
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OCkdJBbE6GI

Vedic Alternative

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgvemQpz5Tk

Peter Russell, Primacy of Consciousness

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCLK2WwxIQU

Dangerous Knowledge

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cw-zNRNcF90

Hardi

List of references
• D. Goff´s research about Dairy technology from University of Guelph. Available at http://www.foodsci.uoguelph.ca/dairyedu/home.html Last accessed in March 2011
• Shortt C. And O´Brian J., 2004. "Handbook of functional dairy products." Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington, D.C., CRC press. Last accessed in March 2011
• Wikipedia. N/D „Dairy product“. Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_products Last accessed in March 2011


Anumari Teras
The A-Team

Essay outline and references

Lactose intolerance – how is possible to live with it?

Outline:

•What is lactose intolerence and how it reveals
•Global map of lactose intolerance frequencies. Reasons for the variations.
•How to relieve the discomfort that come from lactose intolerance.
•Whether and how is it possible to avoid products which include lactose without any damage to health.
•Which are suitable products for people who have lactose intolerance?


References:

1)Shortt C. And O´Brian J., 2004. "Handbook of functional dairy products." Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington, D.C., CRC press. Last accessed in March 2011.
2)Article about lactose intolerance. Available at http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/lactoseintolerance/ last accessed in March 2011
3)Eenpuu-Villup M. 06.06.2007 "Laktoositalumatus kimbutab peamiselt täiskasvanuid." Available at http://www.tarbija24.ee/060607/esileht/olulised_teemad/tarbija24/tervis/264742.php last accessed in March 2011

References

ScienceDaily. 31.July,2007 "Goat's Milk Is More Beneficial To Health Than Cows' Milk, Study Suggests." Avilable at http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/07/070730100229.htm

06. Apr, 2010 "The chemistry of making cheese". Avalible at http://www.suite101.com/content/the-chemistry-of-cheese-making-a222420

Fox, Patrick F.; McSweeney, Paul L.H.; Cogan, Timothy M.; Guinee, Timothy P., 2007; Cheese - Chemistry, Physics and Microbiology 3rd Edition; 2004 Elsevier

Can We Live Without Fats?

In my essay I´m going to talk about fats (good and bad fats), what are they; why are fats important to our body (are they important at all); are they harmful or not (and why); is it wise to stop consumption of fats?

People's eating habbits, something important in people's life?

1.Youngs eating habbits, what they eat and basic problems.
2.Age grups. Most healthy grup and most unhealthy grup.
3.How unhealthy food affects people over many generations?
4.Do we have to make healthy eating habbits more popular?
5.Conclusion.

List of References:

1)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granular_cheese

2)http://en.vionto.com/show/me/Granular+cheese

3)http://www.recipetips.com/glossary-term/t--35837/grana-padano-cheese.asp

4)http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-parmesan-cheese.htm

5)http://www.valio.ee/juustukool/itaalia/article_id-524%20(12.12.2009)

6)http://www.cheese.com/Description.asp?Name=Brinza%20(Burduf%20Brinza)

7)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grana_Padano

8)http://www.dairyscience.info/cheeses-of-the-piedmont-region-of-italy/82-grana-padano.html

9)http://blogcritics.org/tastes/article/grana-padano-italian-cheese/

10)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmigiano-Reggiano

11)http://www.cheese.com/Description.asp?Name=Parmesan%20(Parmigiano)

• Saar,U. 2006 "Goats's milk corroborate immunity system." Avilable at http://lambadkitsed.blogspot.com/2010/04/kitsepiim-tugevdab-immuunsusteemi.html

• ScienceDaily. 31.July,2007 "Goat's Milk Is More Beneficial To Health Than Cows' Milk, Study Suggests." Avilable at http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/07/070730100229.htm

• WHFoods "Milk, Goat." Avilable at http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=131

Essay '' How alcoholic drinks effect us? ''

In my essay I m going to discuss about alcoholism and the effects to human body.

Using internet there are a lot to find about this topic question we are having problems nowadays, as Estonia is on the 6^th place in drinking in the world. What should people and also country to? What happens when alcohol effects us in mental way?How to become sober? Where is the line?

List of references

1)

http://www.delfi.ee/news/paevauudised/eesti/who-eesti-on-alkoholitarbimiselt-maailmas-kuuendal-kohal.d?id=40757192 Article about statistics.

2. Online reference book :
   
   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism about facts what the term of alcoholism means.

3) Dr. Neill Neill

Can You Stop Drinking Alcohol on Your Own?

http://www.ideamarketers.com/?stop_drinking_alcohol&articleid=1717229

4)Mike Miller

Is Alcohol Affecting Your Relationships?

http://www.ideamarketers.com/?alcohol_awareness_classes&articleid=2047033

5. Also literature about alcoholism and what is in compliance with it.(witch I do not own yet)

List of References

*Kangur, Anne, 2003. "Mesi ja tervis". Tallinn: Odamees.

*Tammet, Tiina, 2007. "Eesti meeraamat". Tallinn: Forma Media

*Fry, T.C, Why honey is a harmful food. Avalable at http://www.rawfoodexplained.com/sugars-and-other-sweeteners/why-honey-is-a-harmful-food.html. Last access in March 2011

Essay: vegetarianism - healthy or just a trend?

References:

• Wikipedia. N/D ,,Vegetarianism’’. Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism Last accessed in March 2011
• Holly Alley. "Vegetarianism". Available at http://www.fcs.uga.edu/pubs/current/FDNS-E-18.html#docuse
• "Vegetarian versus non-vegetarian". Available at http://www.spiritualresearchfoundation.org/articles/id/spiritualresearch/spiritualscience/veg-or-non-veg
• V.O. Ruzov's text about vegetarianism. Translated to estonian. Available at http://www.teaduselust.ee/taimetoitlusest.html
  

Essay

What is the impact of nutrition labels?

In my essay I talk about nutrition labels. Are peoples aware of the markings? How do they impact peoples´ food choices- do people know what substances are they afforded to eat? Do any of these substances affect our health? Which is decisive for the choice of product - the price of the product or ingredients?

List of references

• United States Department of Agriculture. 1993. Nutrition: eating for good health. Washington, D.C.: Harris M-1000
• Frederich, K., 2009. Nutrition Labels: Here, There, and Everywhere. In Food Technology Magazine. Avalable at http://www.ift.org/Food-Technology/Past-Issues/2009/February/Features/Nutrition-Labels.aspx . Last access in March 2011.
• Rettner, R., 2011. Menu Nutrition Labels don´t change habits. Available at http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41078893/ns/health-diet_and_nutrition/ . Last access in March 2011.
• The European Food Information Council. 2005. Do our nutrition labels work? Available at http://www.eufic.org/article/en/artid/nutrition-labels/ . Last access in March 2011
• Vaask, S., Liebert, T., Maser, M., Pappel, K., Pitsi, T., Saava, M., Sooba, E., Vihalemm, T., Villa, I., 2006. Eesti toitumis- ja toidusoovitused. Tallinn.

Liis Lutter
Group B

Are Frozen Vegetables Less Nutritious Than Fresh?

• Nutrients in vegetables.
  
• What affects nutritive value of vegetables?
• How freezing affects the flavor of vegetables?
• Discussion about nutritive values of frozen and fresh vegetables: which are more beneficial? My opinion based on facts.
  

List of References

• Gorman, R.M. 2007. "Fresh vs Frozen Vegetables: Are We Giving Up Nutrition for Convenience?". Available at http://www.eatingwell.com/nutrition_health/nutrition_news_information/fresh_vs_frozen_vegetables_are_we_giving_up_nutrition_fo . Last accessed in March 2011.
  

• McGuigan, B. 2010. "Are Frozen Vegetables Less Nutritious Than Fresh". Available at

http://www.wisegeek.com/are-frozen-vegetables-less-nutritious-than-fresh.htm . Last accessed in March 2011.

• Poulter, S. 2010. "Why Frozen Vegetables are Fresher Than Fresh". Available at

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1255606/Why-frozen-vegetables-fresher- fresh.html. Last accessed in March 2011.

• AS Premia Foods. N/D. "Külmutatud vs värsked juurviljad". Available at
  

http://www.premia.ee/meelejahutaja/raamatukogu/juurviljadest/kulmutatud-vs-varsked-juurikad . Last accessed in March 2011.

Can ice cream be good and healthy at the same time?

I write in the essay what makes ice cream healthy and so tasty. And my personal belief´s and my own thoughts in all of this.

List of References

• Doheny K. 2004 „6 more reasons to love ice cream: Calcium is a powerhouse of health benefits. It even helps you shed belly fat and maintain muscle mass - Healthy Appetites“ Available at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0NAH/is_1_34/ai_111896951/?tag=content;col1 Last accessed in March 2011
  

• Marshall, R. T. ; Goff, H.D. and Hartel, R. W. 2003. Ice Cream sixth edition. New York: Springer Science Business Media, LLC
  

• N/D „Ice cream“ Available at http://www.foodsci.uoguelph.ca/dairyedu/icecream.html Last accessed in March 2011

• N/D „Jäätise kasulikkus“ Available at http://jaatis.pokerinfo24.com/index.php/jaeaetise-kasulikkus Last accessed in March 2011

• Wikipedia. N/D ,,Ice cream.’’ Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream Last accessed in March 2011

List of reference

- Lappe FM, Collins J, Rosset P, and Esparza LFrances Moore Lappé ; Joseph Collins; Peter Rosset. With Luis Esparza. (1998). World Hunger: Twelve Myths. Grove Press
- Smith, Jeffrey. Genetic Roulette: The Documented Health Risks of Genetically Engineered Foods (2007)
- http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5160e/y5160e00.HTM
- Transgenic pollen harms monarch larvae (Nature, May 20, 1999)
- GMO Roundup (Nature Biotechnology,, Jan 2000)

By Roman Tšertovikov

• Miller, B. CNN Health. 20.April 2010 ,, How crash diets harm your health? ’’ Avilable at http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/04/20/crash.diets.harm.health/index.html
• Wikipedia. N/D ,,Health.’’ Avilable at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health last accessed in March 2011
• Larson, N. I., Nelson, M. C, Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story , M, Hannan, P. J. Elsevier. N/D. ,,Young Adults Need to Make More Time for Healthy Meals.’’ Avilable at http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/authored_newsitem.cws_home/companynews05_01097

Marju Seer
The A-team

Essay topic and list of references.

My essay will generally be about eating organic /clean food and I’m trying to find proof why eating organic food is considered to be healthier than eating the food with additional substances. Finding pros and cons for both. Topic will be more exact when the essay is completely done.

I’m going to analyze ,why people are so worried about eating clean food today.Is it vital to be concerned and should we all pay more attention to what we buy and eat or is this topic clearly overrated? What kind of preservatives and additional substances are used in our food and what kind of risks they have to our health? Advantages and disadvantages using preservatives in food. Reasons why it’s impossible to eat only organic products.

Of course will add my personal beliefs and my own thoughts in all of this.

List of References

• · Arendi,A., 2002. “Lisaained meie toidus.” Available at http://paikeselapsed.kolhoos.ee/stories/storyReader$72. Last access in March 2011.
• · Cooper, L. , Leifert,C ,Niggli,U.Handbook of organic food safety and quality.Cambridge:Woodhead.
• · Curtis, C., Meer, R., and S. Misner. 2006. “Food additives-are they safe?” Available at http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/health/foodsafety/az1082.html. Last access in March 2011.
• · DeCostole,J. , N/D.”The truth about organic foods.”Available at http://www.redbookmag.com/recipes-home/truth-about-organic-foods. Last access in March 2011 .
• · Hawk,A., 2008.”What makes organic food organic?” in Health Journal Online. Available at http://hjo.org/what-makes-organic-food-organic/. Last access in March 2011.
• · Kelly,T., 2010.”Organic production and global food security” in Journal of Organic Systems.Available at http://www.organic-systems.org/journal/Vol_5%281%29/pdf/Kelly_JOS_Volume-5_Number-1.pdf. Last access in March 2011.
• · Laliberte,R. ,N/D. “Should we fear our food?” Available at http://www.redbookmag.com/health-wellness/advice/fear-our-food. Last access March 2011.
• · Sullivan,D.M., 2010.”Food preservatives.” Available at http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Fe-Ge/Food-Preservatives.html#Comments_2. Last access in March 2011.
• · Weil,A., N/D.”Why we should all eat more organic food.”Available at http://www.organicconsumers.org/organlink.cfm. Last access in March 2011.
• · N/D.Food additives-Introduction.Available at http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/chemicalsafety/additives/index_en.htm. Last access in March 2011
• · N/D.”What is organic food?Why should we eat it?” Available at http://www.savvyvegetarian.com/articles/what-is-organic-food.php. Last access in March 2011.
• · N/D.”Who should eat organic food.” Available at http://www.organicfoodsecrets.com/. Last access in March 2011.
• · N/D. “Toidu lisaained.” Available at www.tervitus.ee/uploads///Toidu%20lisaained.doc. Last access in March 2011.

List of references

• 
  The Atkins Diet and Philosophy: Chewing the Fat with Kant and Nietzsche. Contributors: Lisa Heldke - editor, Kerri Mommer - editor, Cynthia Pineo - editor. Publisher: Open Court. Place of Publication: Chicago. Publication Year: 2005.
• 
  http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/carbohydrates/index.html
• Estonian magazine "Tervis Pluss"
• Inimtoidu loomulikud ja sünteetilised komponendid / Urmas Kokassaar, Tiiu Vihalemm, Mihkel Zilmer, Andres Pulges, Tartu : U. Kokassaar [jt.], 1996 (Kohtla-Järve : Trükis)

Honey- is it only a good thing?

Although we all know that honey is very healthy and useful I would like to write about the adverse effect of honey.

The chemical composition of honey (why honey can be harmful)

The quantities and temperatures of used honey

Allergy

Effect to cancer

Pesticides in honey

In addidtion I will give my opinion whether honey has more benefiits or negative aspects.

List of References

• Fortin, C. 2009 MAAILMA TOIDUAINED Taskuentsüklopeedia. Tallinn: TEA Kirjastus
• Richardson, T. 2004 MAIUSTUSED. Kompvekkide ajalugu. Tallinn: Olion
• Piirman, M., Kiisman, E. 2005 KÜPSETUSKUNST õppematerjal pagar-kontiitrile. Tartu: AS Atlex
• Zilmer, M., Vihalemm, T. and Kokassaar, U. 2007 Normaalne söömine. Tallinn: AS BIT
• Wikipedia. N/D "Chocolate." Avalible at http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate Last accessed in March 2011
• Does Chocolate Have Health Benefits? Nov 21, 2006 Avalible at http://www.articlesbase.com/careers-article/does-chocolate-have-health-benefits-74792.html Last acessed in March 2011.

Kadi Kruus

The A - Team.

Fast Food:eat quickly or die slowly?

• Fast food nation (History of junk food)
  
• Advantages of FF(What is fast food and why is it so popular?)
• Statistics
  
• Disadvantages of FF(problems with health,fast food addiction,obesity and other weighty issues)
• FF components (salt,fats,cholesterol,sodium , salt, sugar,сarbohydrates)
  
• World against FF

• Conclusion

In case if I`ll find the better information about FF, i can add paragraphs or change some of them.


References:

1. Article about FF history.Available at http://digest.subscribe.ru/health/life/n178657075.html/ last accessed in March 2011 and http://www.eng.umu.se/E3ht03/manchester/Lisa/fastfood.htm/ last accessed in March 2011
2. Eric Schlosser.2001.USA.Fast Food Nation:The dark side of All-American meal.
3. Article about obesity.Available at http://www.fastfoodobesity.net/last accessed i March2011. Also http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/01/05/health/main591325.shtml last accessed in March2011.

Is chocolate beneficial or detrimental?

1) Is chocolate beneficial or detrimental?
2) In this essay I talk about what are chocolates plusses and minuses.
3) Chocolate feed brane and give energy. Also chocolate is good, because it gives a happy hormones.
4) Introduction - what is chocolate
First paragraph - chocolate history, what are chocolates plusses and minuses.
Second paragraph - chocolate benefits and health problems
Third paragraph - chocolate classification (dark chocolate, milk chocolate etc.)
Fourth paragraph - chocolate production ( cacao varieties, processing, blending, conching, tempering and storage)
Fifth paragraph - chocolate manufactures ( like Mars and The Hershey Company)
Conclusion - Chocolate has always been noted for it adverse effect in increasing calorie intake. Current literature in antioxidants, flavonoids and phytochemicals all support the clame that chocolate does have some health benefits if used in moderation. Also chocolate is considered to be a symbol of love and friendship.

Kadi Kruus.
The A-Team.

essay outline

Topic: "Do we need dairy foods in our every day life?"
I would like to know why dairy foods are so important and are they always healthy for us?
There are two main theme that I am going to discuss:

• Components of milk and their necessity for our organism.
• Deseases associated with dairy products.

So the main point is Do we need or not Dairy foods in our diet.

Essay '' How alcoholic drinks effect us? ''

1) Alcoholisms history.
2) Effect to organism and on life.
3) Drink or not to?
4)Preparations for hangover.
5) Solving problems.
6)Conclusion

Essay-"Ice cream- what does it consists of? Is it healthy or not?"

• ice creame history
  
• what ice cream consist of and what are the ingredients
• flavores
• different shapes
• different fact about ice cream
• conclusion

Laura Karu

GMO products in every day life.

1. History of GMO products.
2. Harmful aspects.
3. Helpful aspects.
4. My opinion about GMO propucts.
5.Conclusion

1. have we got enough time for healthy lifestyle?
2. 'In this paper, I will show why the healthy lifestyle and eating properly is neccessary.
3. If we eat properly and do sport than we are healthy and can achieve more.
4. my main ponits:

• introduction- what is health.
• Paragraph one- healthy eating.
• Paragraph two- healthy lifestyle
• Paragraph three- how to achieve healthy lifestyle
• Paragraph four- What should people do to live healthy my opinion
• Conclusion- Have people done enough for their health

These are my first thoughts and some things may change

Marju Seer
The A-team

''Genetically modified food – good or bad?'' (title is going to change definitely)

1. What are genetically engineered foods, and who are consuming GM foods?
2. GM food benefits.
3. And their risks. Is genetically modified food dangerous?
4. What effect they might have on the environment/human/animals?
5. Is GM food solution to food crisis?
6. My opinion
7. Conculusion

This is the rawest base. That means that the paragraphs may change a little as i am getting new and more interesting ideas or information.

"Dairy products - something irreplaceable in our everyday menu?"

In this essay i will explain how important it is to eat dairy products to get all the necessary nutrients. Also i will write about milk and its chemical ingredients.
I will encompass the problems such as:
1.People with lactose intolerance and low-lactose dairy products;
2. Variety of products in 21 century;
3. Verified researches and their results about dairy consumption;

I will give my opinion and support it with scientific facts.
It is not final and i think that as i start to write the essay, i will find more interesting materials and add some more points.

Anumari Teras,
A-team

essay outline

I intend to write an essay about vegan food.
The topic is still in a working progress.
I want to concentrate on why people may make the decision to bacome vegetarians and whether it pays off.
What does it mean to be a vegetarian? Is it a protest? What triggers it?
Does becoming a vegetarian really saves lives of animals? Do we even need to save the lives of animals?
Ofcourse, with a topic like that you can't ignore the health issues. Is it possible to be a vegetarian and still be healthy?
And conculusion..... haven't thought of that yet.

Is goats' milk healthyer then cow's milk?

• which milk people prefer
• why goat's milk helthy?
• goat's milk usage.
  

Essay: vegetarianism - healthy or just a trend?

Vegetarianism - healthy or just a trend?

In my essay I'm going to write about vegetarianism.

*Reasons of being a vegetarian
*pros and contras of being a vegetarian
*health problems what may occur or held back if choosing a lifestyle of vegetarianism
*varieties of vegetarianism

Essay

"Cheese made from Ewes' and Goats' milk. Comparsaion and affect on human's oranism " - headline might change

In my essay I tend to point out the main aspects of both types of cheese. Starting from how they are made of various countries and parts of the world ending with slight tweats of different cultures.
Also I'd like to show the difference and similiarities of both cheese.
I'd like to handle is the affect of cheese to human's organism as the value of recieved energy etc.

Essey

Essey „Peacefull rest or straight to slaughtering“

Mainly discussing the quaity of beef and the physiological effects of various preslaughter treatments. Analyzing the scientific experiments about slaughtering. And making a conclusion.

Granular cheeses (Parmesan, Grana Badano, Briza)

In my essay i talk about

Parmesan, Grana Badano, Briza:

1)History

2)Appearance

3)Usage

Essay title and constitution:


No for carbohydrates –commercial blague or true asseveration?

Introduction.-What are Carbohydrates
Problems of eating too much carbs( food scientist and specialists opinions from online food-journals, Estonian health magazine and also maybe from some book)
Solutions and my opinion
Discussions about good carbs and famous low-carbohydrate diets. ( hazardousness and importance) Examples and so on.
Solutions and my opinion
Synopsis and opinion and answer for the main question and point of view.

I certainly will add to essay more information. I am not very sure about the constitution yet.

Annika Kolga essay title and outline

Alcoholic drinks sorts, preparation and classification

In my essay I talk about:

• Alcoholic drinks sorts: wine, rum, brandy, cognac, liqueur, absinth, whiskey

• How to preparation different alcoholic drinks

• wine classification

Academic writing

Worksheet: Assignements on the presentation ''Academic Writing''

1. In what ways are Anglo – American and Estonian ( Russian ) patterns of academic writing different from the cultural point of view?

   Anglo – American reader are busy reader and know something about background, but Estonian reader are informed volleaques. Anglo – American text is easy to read, but Estonian text is sophisticate.

2. What is the ''moto'' of academic writing?

   Keep it short and simple!

   Make every word count!

3. What are the general characteristics of academic writing?

   Clarity, readability and non – ambiguity

4. What does the writer have to remember about the aims of the reader reading a scientific paper?

   That the reader read scientific papers because they want learn something.

5. What are the main strategies of academic writing?

   Make the strategy ofthe text clear

   Never translate

   Accept total responsibility for being clear

   The worst sin is ambiguity

   Trust your ear

   Careful editing shortens your text

6. What are the main steps of a research process?

   Question

   What is known?

   Formulate the problem

   Hypothesis

   Project plan

   Conduct the experiment

   Collect the data

   Decide on methods

   Analyse results

   Interpertation

   Make conclusion

   Comment on the new knowledge

7. What are the arts of scientific paper in relation to the steps of the research process?

   The title must be informative and consist 7 – 10 words.

   Abstracts most be 250 words.

   Summarise previous general research.

   Focus on your research project.

   Use informative names.

   Use numbers and statistics.

   End with a summary.

   Answer the question posed in the introdustion.

   In conclusion avoid promising to publish.

8. What are the major characteristics of a good title for scientific paper?

   Informative ( subject not results)

   Concise ( 7- 10 words)

   Initiating

   Specific

9. What is an abstract and what are the main characteristics of this part of a scientific paper?

   Abstract is the most highly polished part of the paper.

Why what was done was done

What was done

What was found

What was concluded

So what implications

10. What information should an introduction of scientific paper contain?

    Introduction summarise previous general research.

    Omit the facts known to every scientist

    State the purpose of your work, your intention, hypothesis to test.

11. What are the essential issues to be remembered about the ''Discussions'' and ''Conclusions'' parts of the paper?

    Answer the questions posed in the itroduction

    Suggest further research

12. What are the grammar structures to be used in the ''Methods'' and ''Results'' parts of the paper?

    Stay in the past tense

    Passive forms

13. What are the major peculiarities of the formal register academic papers belong to?

Full forms

Impersonal structures

No slang

Never start sentences with: ''but'', ''because'', ''and'' and others

Use pardlel constructions

Careful choice of words

No extra words

Refer immediatly to all the main items involved

14. What are the problems issues of academic writing and how do you comment on them? Passive vs Active Voice

Verb sv noun

Latin abbreviations ( etc, e.g., i.e.)

You must wise up to what are the passive voice and active voice.

You havt to known whta latin abbreviations means to use them.

You must to differentiate nouns and verbs.